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Why? Because VLF waves, unlike MHz and GHz waves, can penetrate into the ground and reflect. ELF/VLF waves may in fact be the most reliable means of subterranean mapping, or detecting underground structures. The Stanford ELF/VLF group is actively exploring how these radio waves interact with the Earth’s surface. Read more about subterranean mapping with ELF/VLF waves. Lightning-ionosphere impacts. Why are ELF/VLF Waves Useful for Engineers and Scientists? ELF/VLF waves are useful scientifically because they largely reflect at elf slots casino sister sites the D region of the Earth’s ionosphere (60-90 km altitude), and are thus efficiently guided in the Earth-ionosphere waveguide to global distances. For instance, certain kinds of lightning can cause a brief discharge tens of miles above the cloud, called sprites, which were predicted in the 1920s but not discovered by scientists until 1989. In fact, some lightning can even accelerate electrons to speeds enormously close the speed of light, producing gamma rays that we usually only see in association with collapsing stars and black holes. ELF/VLF waves also penetrate into elf slots casino sister sites seawater, which has led to their use over the past several decades for communication with submerged submarines at long distances. Read more about studies of sprites and transient luminous phenomena, and terrestrial gamma-ray flashes. How did ELF/VLF Research Come About? The history of ELF/VLF observation dates back to the late 1800’s, when the first telegraph lines were laid down. The first operators reported hearing bizarre sounds that they described as clicks and tweeks, particularly on a day with lightning, which we now know were probably just sferics being picked up by their telegraph line, basically acting like an antenna. Later, in World War I, soldiers operating communication lines reported hearing strange sounds consisting of a falling tone, sounded like someone was whistling. Artuklular Devletine başkentlik yapan kent slots İpek Yolunun geçtiği yerde, korunaklı ve su bakımından zengin bir tepeye kurulmuştur.